The "Programmed Theories" propose aging is genetically controlled, suggesting biological clocks regulate the process through programmed changes in gene expression and cellular function. "Damage Theories" posit aging results from cumulative damage to cells and tissues over time, such as oxidative stress, DNA mutations, and telomere shortening. "Disposable Soma Theory" suggests organisms prioritize reproduction over maintenance of somatic cells, leading to wear and tear on tissues as individuals age. "Evolutionary Theories" view aging as an outcome of natural selection's focus on reproductive success early in life, with less selective pressure against late-life declines.